Normal Cells To Cancer Cells - CTC - Need To Know The Difference?

Healthy normal cells have a structure determined by their DNA, as do CTC cancer cells. They need energy to exist and live, which they derive from chemicals in your food. All cells need a system to deliver nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

This system is the body's network of blood vessels. Growth factors take a cell from birth (mitosis and meiosis) to death (apoptosis) while helping it function normally.

Many mutagens can damage DNA, changing the DNA sequence. Mutagens include oxidizing agents, alkylating agents, and high-energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers that cross-link between pyrimidine bases. On the other hand, oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, guanosine, and double-strand breaks. A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage.

Among the various forms of DNA damage, double-strand breaks stand out as particularly challenging. These breaks are not easily repaired and can lead to point mutations, insertions, deletions from the DNA sequence, and chromosomal translocations. If left unchecked, these mutations can lead to the development of cancer. The inherent limits in the DNA repair mechanisms underscore the difficulty in maintaining DNA integrity and the potential risk we face if we live long enough.

DNA damages that are naturally occurring due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species, the hydrolytic activities of cellular water, etc., also occur frequently. Although most of these damages are repaired, in any cell, some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes. These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues. This accumulation is an important underlying cause of aging.

What is the difference between Normal Cells, CTC, and Cancer Cells?

Normal Cells

• They usually have DNA in their genes and chromosomes that function.
• Divide in an orderly way to produce more cells only when the body needs them.
• Derive 70% of their energy from a process called the Krebs cycle.
• Derive only 30% of their energy from a process called glycolysis.
• Normal Cells operate at an average metabolic level and reproduce themselves at a regulated pace.

Cancer Cells

• Develop an aberrant DNA or gene structure or acquire abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
• Continue to be created without control or order. Excess cells form a mass of tissue called a tumor.
• They exhibit a defective Krebs cycle and derive little or no energy from it.
• They also derive almost all their energy from glycolysis.
• Cancer Cells and CTC are very overactive and overproduce themselves, thus requiring more nutrients.

How a healthy normal cell can become a cancer cell

Circulating tumor cells - CTC

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a rare subset of cells found in the blood of patients with solid tumors, which function as a seed for metastases. Cancer cells metastasize through the bloodstream as single migratory CTCs or multicellular groupings—CTC clusters. The CTCs preserve primary tumor heterogeneity and mimic tumor properties and may be considered as a clinical biomarker, preclinical model, and therapeutic target. The potential clinical application of CTCs is being a component of liquid biopsy.

CTCs are also good candidates for generating preclinical models, especially 3D organoid cultures, which could be applied in drug screening, disease modeling, genome editing, tumor immunity, and organoid biobanks. This review summarizes current knowledge on the value and promise of evolving CTC technologies and highlights cutting-edge research on CTCs in liquid biopsy, tumor metastasis, and organoid preclinical models. The study of CTCs offers broad pathways to develop new biomarkers for tumor patient diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy, as well as translational models accelerating oncologic drug development.

Circulating tumor cells in precision oncology: clinical applications in liquid biopsy and 3D organoid model

Yang, C., Xia, BR., Jin, WL. et al. Circulating tumor cells in precision oncology: clinical applications in liquid biopsy and 3D organoid model. Cancer Cell Int 19, 341 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-019-1067-8

Cancer Cell Treatment - CCT

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